Candle making in colonial america reading answer 

candle making in colonial america reading answer

Paraffin wax, which is generated from petroleum, is the principal component used in candlemaking today. Refiners "crack" crude oil during the refining process, thereby dividing it into distinct products such as gasoline, heating oil, and kerosene. Paraffin wax, which was created by plants 100 to 700 million years ago to preserve their leaves, is inert and remains suspended in the decomposed plant debris that ultimately forms crude oil. Paraffin wax is extracted and sold as a byproduct during the refining procedure.

The discovery of paraffin did not occur until the early 1800s. At that time, paraffin wax was produced by distilling bituminous schist, which is today known as shale oil. Dr. James Young, a Scottish industrial chemist, submitted a patent application in 1850 for the extraction of paraffin oil and paraffin from bituminous coals. Shortly thereafter, under permission from Young, large-scale production of paraffin from coal began in the United States. Young's initial method for getting paraffin is no longer profitable due to the widespread availability of petroleum; paraffin is currently made from crude oil.

Candle-making had relied on several ingredients for centuries before the discovery of paraffin. Chemically, those substances were also hydrocarbons, but they came straight from plants, animals, or insects.

Beeswax was highly prized throughout America's colonial era for use in candle making. Even today, beeswax is prized despite being more expensive because pure beeswax candles burn with no smoke while paraffin candles produce dark, greasy soot. Only female worker bees secrete beeswax. Oval flakes of wax form on the underside of a worker bee's last four abdomen segments as she consumes honey, which causes her wax glands to discharge the wax. The bee then takes out the wax flakes and chews them, softening them by combining them with her saliva. She affixes the wax on the honeycomb after it is sufficiently flexible. Each pocket of the wax comb is filled with honey and sealed with additional wax as it is constructed.

candle making in colonial america reading answer

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. True
12. False
13. True

                  Caffeine Reading answers

1. Answer: Not Given

Explanation: There is no context for the following sentence and it is not included in the text.

2. Answer: False

Explanation: The information is revealed in Paragraph 2, Last Line, that many of the world’s people, including children, ingest in some form daily. Here, the given information contradicts the statement that children generally do not consume caffeine; however, it is mentioned that children do consume caffeine. Therefore, the statement is false.

3. Answer: True

Explanation: It is discussed in Paragraph 3, Line 3, that caffeine molecules are small and soluble in fat, properties that allow them to pass through a protective shield known as the blood-brain barrier and directly target the central nervous system. The language makes it clear that caffeine affects the nervous system. So, the assertion is accurate.

4. Answer: True

Explanation: In Paragraph 4, Line 3, it has been mentioned that caffeine binds to the same receptors, robbing adenosine of the ability to do its job and leaving caffeine free to stimulate nerve cells, which in turn release epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), a hormone that increases heart rate and blood pressure, supplies an energy boost, and in general makes people feel good. The release of the hormone adrenaline, which raises blood pressure and heart rates, makes the statement accurate.

5. Answer: True

Explanation: It can be seen from Paragraph 5, Line 1, that caffeine retains a somewhat negative image. It is, after all, a mildly habit forming stimulant that has been linked to nervousness and anxiety and that causes insomnia. 'Habit forming stimulants' denotes addiction. The claim is therefore accurate.

6. Answer: False

Explanation: It is clearly illustrated in Paragraph 6, Introductory Line, that daily caffeine consumption has been associated with a lowered incidence of type I diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. This claim runs counter to the evidence that caffeine use may contribute to Alzheimer's disease development; as a result, it is associated with a decreased incidence of the condition.

7. Answer: True

Explanation: In Paragraph 7 it is discussed about a recent study that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation, a main cause of skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with protein that cancerous cells need to survive, leaving the damaged cells to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial cancer—that is, cancer of the cells lining the uterus. These statements hint that consuming coffee may help protect against endometrial and skin cancers as well. On this account, the given statement is true.

8. Answer: False

Explanation: It is mentioned in Paragraph 7 that a recent study has been conducted wherein it is said that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation, a main cause of skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with proteins that cancerous cells need to survive, leaving the damaged cells to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial cancer—that is, cancer of the cells lining the uterus. According to this, caffeine lowers the risk of endometrial cancer. In this regard, the statement conflicts with the information that is given.

9. Answer: True

Explanation: In Lines 3 of Paragraph 8, it is clearly stated that as a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. This statement is accurate because it makes the claim that coffee may make certain medications function more quickly.

10. Answer: B

Explanation: In Paragraph 7, the Last fourth line reveals the information that, although the mechanism remains unknown, people who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily. Accordingly, B is the right response because drinking coffee has the advantage of treating liver cancer. 

11. Answer: C

Explanation: In Paragraph 9, Last Line, it is said that studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy boosting sports drinks. This indicates that some athletes use caffeine as a performance enhancer. 

12. Answer: A

Explanation: In Paragraph 10, Line 1, it is pointed out that people who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headaches being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. As a result, option A is the right response because withdrawal symptoms from caffeine are typically temporary.
               
13. Answer: A

Explanation: Paragraph 10, Last Lines, narrates that  most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people. Furthermore, there is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet. It suggests that option A is the right response and that three cups of coffee per day won't likely result in any issues.

Animal camouflage reading answers

Animals use camouflage to protect themselves from predators in the wild. There are four basic types of camouflage used by animals. They include concealing coloration, disruptive coloration, disguise and mimicry.

When animals hide against a background of the same color, concealing coloration is used. For example, in snowy areas, an animal such as the polar bear or snowy owl in the Arctic have white coloring to blend in with their backgrounds. In deserts and grasslands, some animals have tan and brown colors that they use to blend into the environment.

A green tree frog blends into the background with its bright green color to fade and hide in trees and grasses. Adult white-tail deer have earth-tone colors that help keep and hide them from predators.

B

Animals use disruptive coloration with spots, stripes, or patterns to break up their outline so it does not stick out against the background. Animals that use this camouflage include zebras, leopards, tigers, and even some fish.

A zebra uses its stripes, helping it to avoid lions. A leopard has a spotted coat camouflaging them in tall brush and grass while they hunt. A raccoon butterflyfish uses its patterns of black and yellow to single it out in a large group.

27. B              37. True

28. predators and prey       38. True

 29. protective coloring         39. False

 30. blend in                40. Not Given

31. alter their coloring

32. on many backgrounds

33. stripes or spots

34. color-blind

35. countershading

  36. black backs

37. True

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